Glossary of Action Verbs

This glossary is designed to clarify the learning outcomes of the Level 1 Learning Programme. Students can achieve learning outcomes at any of the progression pathways in a way that suits their individual learning journey. Appropriate levels of adult support for each task will be determined by the teacher, the student’s family and other professionals according to the individual needs of each student.

Action verb	Within the context of their individualised learning journey, students should be able to…
Accept	tolerate/allow an interaction or experience
Acknowledge	change behaviour in some way (gesture/eye gaze/vocalisation/speaking) to demonstrate an awareness of the presence of a person, object or stimulus
Anticipate	demonstrate an awareness of/predict what will happen next
Attend	direct attention (visual/tactile/auditory) to focus on a person, object or stimulus
Awareness	demonstrate understanding of a concept (e.g. object permanence—look for hidden object) or indicate the knowledge of the existence of a person, object or stimulus
Behave appropriately	act in a way that is expected in the surroundings/activity (e.g. sit with the class group at a table for snack while visiting a café). Teachers will determine what behaviour/role is appropriate for each student in different settings, considering their sensory, physical, emotional and cognitive processing strengths and needs.
Choose/Make choices	indicate a preference from given options using any text^*
Communicate	adapt behaviour in a variety of ways including, but not limited to: vocalising, gesturing, moving eye gaze or use of text to convey a message
Co-operate	work with/willingly accept support from an adult or peers for a specific purpose
Create	be involved in the process of making something new
Demonstrate	behave in such a way as to display an awareness, skill or understanding
Differentiate	demonstrate an awareness of a difference between things/people (e.g. a student may behave differently when there is a new teacher in the room)
Discover	find/notice, something new, information about an object, stimulus, place or person
Engage	become involved in a task/process (through looking, touching, smelling, listening or tasting)
Exhibit	clearly display a behaviour/response
Experiment	trial or explore an activity/object in a variety of ways, with the potential of acquiring new learning
Explore	use the senses (in terms of touch, taste, sound, sight etc) to inquire into an item/concept/activity. The student may make new discoveries during this process.
Express	convey a feeling, opinion or message through any text^*/reactive changes in behaviour
Follow	adhere to rules/conventions specific to an environment or activity (e.g. slowing down from a run to a walking pace in a supermarket in response to the teacher giving the instruction verbally and showing a ‘walking’ symbol)
Gather	be involved in any way with the process of collecting items
Handle	explore an item through touching/feeling it in some way. This may involve body parts other than the student’s hands (e.g. feeling fur rubbed on their arm/cheek) if necessary to support the student’s physical or sensory needs.
Identify	locate and/or specify who or what a person, object or stimulus is. This may be communicated using any text^*.
Illustrate	display/show a response or behaviour as outlined in the learning outcome
Indicate	change behaviour in a way that identifies/communicates a response to an object, person, environment or stimulus using any text^*. This may or may not be intentional communication (e.g. crying in response to a loud noise).
Initiate	start something. A student that initiates a communication/interaction with someone may do so in a wide variety of ways including seeking eye contact, reaching out to the person, vocalising or touching a familiar object of reference. The student may or may not have an awareness of joint attention in communication yet so may not look at the adult while behaving in these ways.
Interact	experience having an effect and/or being affected by an exchange with another person
Investigate	get to know more about an item, environment, person or stimulus through sensory exploration and examination (e.g. feeling/banging/listening to/smelling/squeezing)
Listen	focus auditory attention on the experience of sounds. Students may not always pay visual attention to the sound source.
Link	form an association between/connect two or more items, people, stimuli or actions
Look	visually attend to something. Some students may use their peripheral vision/an alternative area in their visual field to attend to an item.
Match	indicate an awareness of/identify a connection between items with common or identical features, meaning or qualities
Move	change position in space with or without support
Observe	show an awareness of and adhere to rules or visually notice/attend to a person, activity or stimulus
Participate	demonstrate any type of involvement in the learning activity
Play	perform/take part in a process, game or activity
Practise	repeatedly rehearse a skill or action. Students may show signs of improvement over a period of time.
Predict	indicate an awareness/knowledge of what will come next based on previous learning and experiences (e.g. when the teacher reaches into a bag of props at a certain point in a familiar story, the student reacts by screwing up and moving their face in anticipation of a water spray that is used at this point of the story).
Read	extract meaning from and demonstrate understanding of any form of text (e.g. looking at an object of reference for ‘snack’ then immediately turning head towards the snack cupboard expectantly)
Recall	show an awareness and recognition of past events (e.g. smiling when shown a video of an activity enjoyed that morning/identifying photographs of props used regularly to tell a familiar story)
Recognise	demonstrate understanding of/familiarity with a person, context, object or stimulus from previous experiences. The student may be able to use knowledge, gained from previous experiences, to identify a person, context, object or stimulus.
Request	use any text^*to express a desire or need (e.g. pressing a BIGmack switch to request more bubbles to be blown)
Refine	clarify/improve a skill
Respond	change behaviour in some way (movement/shift in eye gaze/respond verbally/communicate through text/demonstrate emotions etc) in reaction to something or someone
Seek	search for/look out for something. This requires the student to focus their attention on the activity/task with intention and purpose.
Show	express awareness, understanding, knowledge or feelings through actions
Tolerate	allow/accept an experience. The student may still appear hesitant or unsure due to the challenges they face during such an experience (e.g. being sensitive to sounds in a noisy room) but they will allow for the experience to occur, even for a brief period.
Use	apply sensory awareness/skills/learning to a practical setting for a given function

Word	Description
Abairtí casta	Bíonn príomhchlásal agus fochlásal nó dhó in abairt chasta. Bíonn íochtarán in abairt chasta i gcónaí ar nós mar, toisc, de bhrí, tar éis, cé nó nuair nó forainm coibhneasta ar nós a, m.sh. Tá na daltaí ag staidéar toisc go mbeidh scrúdú acu amárach.
Abairtí comhshuite	Bíonn dhá chlásal neamhspleácha in abairt chomhshuite, agus iad nasctha ag comhordaitheoir. Seo a leanas na comhordaitheoirí: toisc, agus, ná, ach, nó, fós, mar sin. Ach amháin i gcás abairtí gearra, cuirtear camóg roimh an gcomhordaitheoir i gcónaí chun dhá chlásal neamhspleácha a chur le chéile, m.sh. Bhí Peadar ag imirt peile, mar sin chuaigh Máire ag siopadóireacht.
Achoimriú	coimriú a dhéanamh de ghnéithe suntasacha ruda
Aeistéitiúil	Is éard atá i gceist le diminsean aeistéitiúil teanga, teanga a ionramháil go samhlaíoch, go cruthaitheach agus go healaíonta.
Aesthetic	The aesthetic dimension of language relates to the use of language imaginatively, creatively and artistically.
Affixes	Affixes are morphemes that are attached to a root word to form a new word e.g. build+er, un+happy or a grammatical variant of a word e.g. cat+s, walk+ed.
Aithin	fíricí, saintréithe nó coincheapa atá riachtanach (ábhartha/oiriúnach) chun cás, imeacht, próiseas nó feiniméan a thuiscint a shainaithint
Aithint	fíricí, saintréithe nó coincheapa a shainiú atá riachtanach (ábhartha/oiriúnach) chun cás, imeacht, próiseas nó feiniméan a thuiscint
Alphabetical principles	The alphabetic principle recognises that letters and combinations of letters are used to represent the sounds of a language which are based on the relationship between written letters, symbols, and spoken words.
Anailísigh	staidéar nó scrúdú a dhéanamh ar rud go mion, rud a mhiondealú chun na bunghnéithe nó an bunstruchtúr a nochtadh; codanna agus coibhneasa a shainaithint, agus fianaise a léirmhíniú chun teacht ar chonclúidí
Anailísiú	staidéar nó scrúdú a dhéanamh ar rud go mion, rud a bhriseadh síos d’fhonn na buneilimintí nó an struchtúr a nochtadh; codanna agus coibhneasa a aithint, agus fianaise a léirmhíniú chun teacht ar thátail
Analyse	study or examine something in detail, break down in order to bring out the essential elements or structure; identify parts and relationships, and to interpret information to reach conclusions
Analyse	study or examine something in detail, break down something in order to bring out the essential elements or structure; identify parts and relationships, and interpret information to reach conclusions
Annotated examples of student work	Online samples of student work illustrating levels of achievement in relation to features of quality.
ante	Comprehension strategies are strategies and processes used by readers to make meaning from texts. Key comprehension strategies include: activating and using prior knowledge predicting visualising making connections questioning clarifying determining importance inferring synthesising.
Antonyms	An antonym is a word opposite in meaning to another word e.g. bad and good.
Apply	select and use information and/or knowledge and understanding to explain a given situation or real circumstances
Apply	select and use information and/or knowledge and understanding to explain a given situation or real circumstances
Appreciate	recognise the meaning of, have a practical understanding of
Appreciate	recognise the meaning of; have a practical understanding of
Assess	judge, evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of something
Assessment	Assessment is the process of generating, gathering, recording, interpreting, using and reporting evidence of learning in individuals, groups or systems. Educational assessment provides information about progress in learning, and achievement in developing skills, knowledge, behaviours and attitudes.
Assessment task	Any performance opportunity that allows students to demonstrate their progress and achievements in relation to learning outcomes.
Athbhreithnigh	athscrúdú a dhéanamh go cúramach nó go criticiúil, chun tacú nó easaontú de ghnáth; torthaí a anailísiú chun tuairim a thabhairt
Athbhreithniú	athscrúdú a dhéanamh go cúramach agus go criticiúil, chun tacaíocht a thabhairt de ghnáth nó chun easaontas a dhéanamh; torthaí a anailísiú chun tuairim a thabhairt
Athmhachnamh a dhéanamh	a mheabhrú chun ceartúchán nó feabhsúchán a dhéanamh
Audience	The audience is the intended group of readers, listeners, viewers that the writer, designer, or speaker is addressing.
Book terminology	Book terminology is the vocabulary associated with books e.g. author, blurb, illustrator, contents page, glossary, chapter, publisher etc.
Brabhsáil	Is éard atá i gceist le brabhsáil sa chomhthéacs seo ábhar léitheoireachta ó réimse foinsí clóite agus ar líne a chur faoi chaibidil d’fhonn ábhar léitheoireachta atá oiriúnach dá gcuspóir léitheoireachta a roghnú.
Braistint ghutha	Tagraíonn braistint ghutha d’fhorbairt ar ghuth agus ar fhéinléiriú an pháiste féin (gníomhú).
Browse	Browse in this context means to scan reading material from a variety of print-based and online sources with the aim of selecting reading material that is appropriate to the reading purpose.
Buninniúlacht choiteann teanga	De réir mar atá páiste ag foghlaim teanga amháin, sealbhaíonn sé/sí scileanna meititheangeolaíocha ar féidir leis/léi tarraingt orthu nuair a bhíonn teanga eile á foghlaim.
Business environment	All of the factors, both internal and external, which influence the function of a business. It includes, for example, consumers, suppliers, competing companies, entrepreneurs, improvements in technology, laws, government activities, and market, social and economic trends
Calculate	obtain a numerical answer showing the relevant stages in the working
Calculate	obtain a numerical answer, showing the relevant stages in the working
Ceap	na coincheapa nó na hargóintí cuí a chur in iúl go beacht agus go córasach
Ceisteanna dúnta	Ceisteanna d’ord íseal is ea ceisteanna dúnta. Bíonn fócas cúng acu agus tugtar freagraí gearra, fíriciúla orthu, m.sh. cé, cad, cá háit agus cén uair. Úsáidtear iad chun eolas sonrach a fháil.
Ceisteanna oscailte	Ceisteanna d’ord níos airde is ea ceisteanna oscailte a éilíonn ar an bhfreagróir smaoineamh fúthu agus machnamh a dhéanamh orthu. Ní féidir freagra ‘is ea’ nó ‘ní hea’ a thabhairt ar na ceisteanna seo, is é a theastaíonn freagra níos forbartha a chuireann eolas agus/nó braistintí an fhreagróra san áireamh.
Classify	group things based on common characteristics
Classify	group things based on common characteristics
Closed questions	Closed questions are lower-order questions that have a narrow focus and require short, factual answers e.g. who, what, where and when. They are used to elicit specific information.
Cluster	A cluster refers to two or more letters making two (or three) sounds, for example the first three letters of ‘straight’ are a consonant cluster or consonant blend.
Comhainmneacha	Focail a fhoghraítear mar a chéile ach nach ionann a mbrí, m.sh. cóir agus comhair, suí agus saoi, téigh agus téigh.
Comhaird	Is éard atá i gceist leis an gcomhaird cás ina ndíríonn beirt atá ag déanamh cumarsáide lena chéile ar an rud céanna. Tá níos mó i gceist leis ná breathnú ar an rud, tuigeann an bheirt go bhfuil siad ag díriú ar an rud céanna.
Comhchiallaigh	Comhchiallach is ea focal a bhfuil an chiall chéanna aige le focal eile, nó ciall atá cosúil leis, m.sh. áthasach, sona, sásta.
Comhfhreagairtí idir graiféimí agus fóinéimí	Is é atá i gceist le comhfhreagairtí idir graiféimí agus fóinéimí, an gaol atá idir siombailí scríofa agus na foghair a seasann siad dóibh. Le go sealbhóidh páistí an scil seo go hiomlán, tá sé tábhachtach go mbeidh siad in ann: gach litir, idir chás íochtair agus chás uachtair, a aithint, a ainmniú agus a fhuaimniú a aithint gur féidir le litreacha feidhmiú ina n-aonar nó mar ghrúpa a aithint gur féidir an fhuaim chéanna a chur in iúl le litreacha difriúla fuaimeanna cosúla a aithint a chuirtear in iúl trí theaglamaí difriúla litreacha teaglamaí difriúla litreacha agus na fuaimeanna difriúla a seasann siad dóibh a aithint gaoil fuaime-siombaile níos éagoitinne a aithint.
Comhréir	Tagraíonn comhréir do na rialacha ar faoina réir a gcuirtear focail in ord, a leagtar amach abairtí agus a socraítear an gaol idir fhocail. Is í an chomhréir a thugann le fios cé na leaganacha d’fhocail agus de fhrásaí atá inghlactha nó atá ceart de réir na gramadaí, agus cé na leaganacha nach bhfuil. Comhréir a thugtar ar na rialacha a chinneann foirm nó struchtúr abairte. Rialacha iad seo a chinneann ord na bhfocal, na bhfrásaí agus na gclásal; eagar na habairte; agus an gaol idir fhocail, aicmí focal, agus eilimintí eile den abairt.
Common underlying proficiency	As a child is learning one language, he/she acquires metalinguistic skills which he/she can draw upon when learning another language.
Comparáid a dhéanamh	cuntas a thabhairt ar na cosúlachtaí agus/nó na difríochtaí idir dhá rud nó cás (nó níos mó), ag tagairt don dá cheann acu/dóibh uile síos tríd
Compare	give an account of the similarities and/or differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both/all of them throughout
Compare	give an account of the similarities and/or differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both/all of them throughout
Complete	finish making or doing; bring to a successful conclusion
Complex sentences	A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator (also known as a subordinate conjunction) such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which e.g. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
Compound sentences	A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator (also known as a coordinating conjunction). The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma when used to join two independent clauses e.g. Alex played football, so Mary went shopping.
Comprehension strategies	Comprehension strategies are strategies and processes used by readers to make meaning from texts. Key comprehension strategies include: activating and using prior knowledge predicting visualising making connections questioning clarifying determining importance inferring synthesising.
Conduct	to perform an activity
Conduct	organise and carry out
Conduct	to perform an activity
Connectives	Connectives are words which link paragraphs and sentences to focus on time, cause and effect, comparison or addition. Connectives relate ideas to one another and help to show the logic of the information. Connectives are important resources for creating cohesion in texts. The purposes of connectives can be grouped as follows: temporal – to indicate time or sequence ideas (eg first, second, next) causal – to show cause and effect (eg because, for, so) additive – to add information (eg also, besides, furthermore) comparative – eg rather, alternatively conditional/concessive – to make conditions or concession (eg yet, although) clarifying – for example in fact, for example.
Consider	describe patterns in data; use knowledge and understanding to interpret patterns; make predictions and check reliability
Consider	describe patterns in data; use knowledge and understanding to interpret patterns, make predictions and check reliability
Construct	develop information in a diagrammatic or logical form; not by factual recall but by analogy or by using and putting together information
Conventions of print	Conventions of print are accepted ways of presenting and organising written text so that this text is consistently and easily understood by all readers. The conventions include the following: print carries a message left to right orientation of print top to bottom orientation of print return sweep appropriate spacing, capitalisation, grammar and punctuation. Digital conventions include: scrolling swiping left to right top to bottom orientation of print.
Convert	change to another form
Cosain	cúiseanna bailí nó fianaise bhailí a thabhairt chun tacú le freagra nó le conclúid
Cosaint	fáthanna nó fianaise bhailí a thabhairt chun tacú le freagra nó le cinneadh
Cruthú	a thabhairt ar an saol trí chumas intleachtach nó cruthaitheach
Cuir i bhfeidhm	faisnéis agus/nó eolas agus tuiscint a roghnú agus a úsáid chun cás tugtha nó fíorchúinsí a mhíniú
Cuir síos	pictiúr nó íomhá mhionsonraithe a fhorbairt ar struchtúr nó ar phróiseas, mar shampla, ag úsáid focal nó léaráidí mar is cuí; plean, ionsamhlú nó samhail a tháirgeadh
Cur síos a dhéanamh	pictiúr nó íomhá mhionsonraithe a fhorbairt ar, mar shampla struchtúr nó próiseas, ag úsáid focal nó léaráidí mar is cuí; plean, ionsamhlú nó mionsamhail a chruthú
Déan	tabhairt faoi ghníomhaíocht
Déan comparáid	cuntas a thabhairt ar na cosúlachtaí agus/nó ar na difríochtaí idir dhá rud nó cás (nó níos mó), ag tagairt don dá cheann acu/dóibh uile síos tríd
Déan taighde	sainfhiosrú a dhéanamh, ag úsáid iniúchadh casta agus criticiúil
Déanamh	gníomhaíocht a chur i gcrích
Dear	ceapadh, cruthú agus cur i ngníomh de réir plean
Dearadh	a cheapadh, a chruthú agus a chur i bhfeidhm de réir plean
Debate	argue about a subject, especially in a formal manner
Decontextualised language	Decontextualised language is defined as language that is context free. It is not rooted in any immediate context of time and situation and does not rely on observation or immediate physical experience. The use of decontextualised language is critical to children’s learning at a variety of levels. It is used to create and to convey new information to audiences who may share only limited amounts of background information with the speaker. The terms decontextualised language and ‘literate language style’ are similar as both refer to language that is organised, explicit and distanced.
Deighilt fóinéimí	Focal a roinnt ina fhóinéimí aonair chun é a litriú, m.sh. trí fhóinéim atá ag an bhfocal cat: /c/, /a/, /t/, agus trí fhóinéim atá ag an bhfocal grá: /g/, /r/, /á/.
Deimhnigh	fianaise a thabhairt chun tacú le fírinne ráitis
Deimhniú	fianaise a thabhairt chun tacú le fírinne ráitis
Demonstrate	prove or make clear by reasoning or evidence, illustrating with examples or practical application
Demonstrate	prove or make clear by reasoning or evidence, illustrating with examples or practical application
Describe	develop a detailed picture or image of, for example, a structure or a process, using words or diagrams where appropriate; produce a plan, simulation or model
Describe	develop a detailed picture or image of, for example, a structure or a process, using words or diagrams where appropriate; produce a plan, simulation or model
Design	to conceive, create and execute according to plan
Determine	ascertain or establish exactly by research or calculation
Devan	Devan test i3digital
Develop	progress or improve to become more mature, advanced, or elaborate
Develop	to evolve; to make apparent or expand in detail
Devise	plan, create or formulate a procedure or system by careful thought
Differentiate	recognise or ascertain what makes something different
Digital technology	A set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information, for example, mobile phones, apps, tablets and computers
Discuss	offer a considered, balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses; opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence
Discuss	offer a considered, balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses: opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence
Distinguish	make the differences between two or more concepts or items clear
Eagraí grafach	Is léirithe físeacha ar eolas, coincheapa nó smaointe iad na heagraithe grafacha.
Eagraigh	rud a shocrú; rud a chórasú nó a rianú
Eagrú	a shocrú; a chórasú nó a rianú.
Economic resources	The factors used in producing goods or providing services. They are the inputs that are used to create things or help provide services including human resources and non-human resources, such as land, capital goods, financial resources, and technology
Elements	Each strand is divided into a number of elements, which are the headings under which the learning outcomes are grouped.
Enterprise	This strand encourages students to identify opportunities and turn them into practical and targeted activities within business and wider society through the development and application of their understanding, skills and values. It develops students' basic understanding of the financial, marketing and operational functions of an organisation
Entrepreneurship	To act upon opportunities and ideas and transform them into value for others. The value that is created can be financial, cultural or social
Evaluate	Evalaute (data): collect and examine data to make judgments and appraisals; describe how evidence supports or does not support a conclusion in an inquiry or investigation; identify the limitations of data in conclusions; make judgments about ideas, solutions or methods Evaluate (ethical judgement): collect and examine evidence to make judgments and appraisals; describe how evidence supports or does not support a judgement; identify the limitations of evidence in conclusions; make judgments about ideas, solutions or methods
Evaluate (data)	collect and examine data to make judgments and appraisals; describe how evidence supports or does not support a conclusion in an inquiry or investigation; identify the limitations of data in conclusions; make judgments about ideas, solutions or methods
Evaluate (ethical judgement)	collect and examine evidence to make judgments and appraisals; describe how evidence supports or does not support a judgement; identify the limitations of evidence in conclusions; make judgments about ideas, solutions or methods
Examine	consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and relationships of the issue
Examine	consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and relationships of the issue
Explain	give a detailed account including reasons or causes
Explain	give a detailed account including reasons or causes
Explore	observe or study in order to establish facts
Exploring business	This element focuses on the context for business, looking at the themes of globalisation, sustainable development and consumerism. It enables students to reflect on the interconnectedness of business to the economy, society and environment, and encourages them to be active and responsible
Expository text	Expository text is a type of oral or written discourse where the purpose is to explain, inform or describe.
Extra-linguistic skills	Extra linguistic skills include the ability to use: appropriate eye contact body language gestures and facial expression and sign where appropriate.
Feasacht fhóinéimeach	An léargas gur féidir smaoineamh ar gach focal labhartha mar shraith fóinéimí. Is éard is fóinéim ann an t-aonad fuaime is lú i bhfocal, m.sh. bó /b/ /o:/. Tá an tuiscint seo ríthábhachtach chun an fhónaic a shealbhú.
Feasacht fóineolaíochta	Tagraíonn feasacht fóineolaíochta don fheasacht a bhíonn ag duine ar struchtúr fóineolaíochta, nó ar struchtúr fuaime, focal. Áirítear ann feasacht ar fhocail, rím, siollaí, túsfhoghar agus foghar deiridh agus fóinéimí.
Feasacht mheititheangeolaíoch	Tagraíonn feasacht mheititheangeolaíoch don chumas le machnamh a dhéanamh ar theanga agus ar an gcaoi a n-úsáidtear í mar phróiseas agus mar dhéantán, agus a thuiscint gur féidir linn teanga a athrú ar bhealaí éagsúla. De réir mar a thagann forbairt ar fheasacht mheititheangeolaíoch páistí, tuigeann siad níos fearr, mar shampla, gur féidir brí liteartha agus brí intuigthe araon bheith le teanga.
Feidhmeanna sóisialta	Is éard atá i gceist le feidhmeanna sóisialta na teanga na feidhmeanna ina n-úsáidtear an teanga ar mhaithe le hidirghníomhú sóisialta laethúil amhail beannú, buíochas a chur in iúl, comhbhrón agus imní a chur in iúl, aiféala a chur in iúl agus fáilte a chur roimh chuairteoirí go muiníneach.
Feidhmiú	faisnéis agus/nó eolas agus tuiscint a roghnú agus a úsáid chun cás tugtha nó cúinsí fíora a mhíniú
Fiosraigh	breathnú nó staidéar a dhéanamh, d’fhonn fíricí a chinntiú
Fiosrú	breathnú, staidéar a dhéanamh, d’fhonn fíricí a chinntiú
Focail ardmhinicíochta	Focail a fheictear go minic i dtéacsanna, m.sh. agus, an, na, tá, siad, le, is, sa, is maith, chun, agus mar sin de.
Foghar (Fuaim)	Baineann an téarma ‘foghar’ nó ‘fuaim’ leis an bhfuaim a dhéanaimid nuair a deirimid litir nó focal, agus ní leis an bhfocal clóite. Is féidir le litreacha difriúla an foghar céanna a léiriú, ar nós an fhoghair /ɣ/ sna focail dhá agus ghoil. Is féidir foghar amháin a chur in iúl le breis is litir amháin, mar is amhlaidh i gcás an fhoghair /éa/ sna focail aon agus éan. Dhá fhoghar atá san fhocal bhí /bh/, /í/ ach trí litir atá ann, ‘b’, ‘h’, ‘í’. Ba chear t do mhúinteoirí na focail ‘foghar’ agus ‘litir’ a úsáid go cruinn ionas gur féidir le daltaí idirdhealú idir an dá fhocal.
Fóinéim	An t-aonad foghair is lú i bhfocal. Tá dhá fhóinéim san fhocal is /i/ agus /s/.Trí fhóinéim atá san fhocal cat /c/, /a/ agus /t/.
Foirm	Is éard atá i gceist le foirm formáidí foilsithe de sheánra áirithe m.sh. dán, gearrscéal, dráma, úrscéal, meamram, ríomhphost, scannán, srl.
Foirmliú/Cur le chéile	na coincheapa nó na hargóintí cuí a chur in iúl go beacht agus go córasach
Forbair	éabhlóidiú; rud a dhéanamh soiléir nó a leathnú amach ó thaobh sonraí de
Forbairt	éabhlú; a dhéanamh soiléir nó a leathnú amach ó thaobh sonraí de
Forbairt stóir focal	Tagann forbairt ar stór focal ó bhéal agus ar stór focal léitheoireachta páistí agus iad ag éirí níos casta, ag dul ón rud nithiúil go dtí an rud teibí, i dtaca le cé chomh minic is a úsáidtear focail, cé chomh casta is atá an bhrí, cé chomh domhain is atá an t-eolas ar fhocail, agus na hathruithe a tharlaíonn de thoradh ar phróisis dhéanamh na bhfocal.
Form	Form refers to the published formats of a particular genre e.g. poem, short story, play, novel, memo, email, film etc.
Formative assessment	Assessment is formative when either formal or informal procedures are used to gather evidence of learning during the learning process, and used to adapt teaching to meet student needs.
Formulate	express the relevant concept(s) or argument(s) precisely and systematically
Fréamhfhocail	Focal gan aon táthmhír ná aon infhilleadh gramadaí is ea an fréamhfhocal m.sh. bus, déan, brón, tóg, fear. Féadtar go leor focal eile a chruthú ach focail fréimhe nó bunfhocail a úsáid: focail infhillte: fréamh + infhilleadh gramadaí m.sh. busanna, déanamh. focail dhíorthaithe: fréamh + táthmhír m.sh. brónach, tógálaí comhfhocail m.sh. saorfhear.
Frithchiallaigh	Frithchiallach is ea focal atá contrártha le focal eile, m.sh. maith agus olc.
Genre	Genres are types of multi-sentence oral or written text structures that have become conventionalised for particular purposes with expected organisational patterns, as well as language features related to register e.g., narrative, informational, persuasive, and multi-genre. Simply put, genre refers to a selection of writing forms in order to recount, explain, entertain, inform, give instructions, narrate, persuade and justify opinions.
Genre awareness	Refers to the knowledge the students build up of the range of text types they read and in which they learn to compose.
Globalisation	A process of international integration emerging from the interchange of world views, products, services, ideas and other aspects of culture
Gnásanna cló	Nósanna cló a nglactar leo go forleathan chun téacs scríofa a chur i láthair agus a eagrú iad gnásanna cló a úsáidtear ionas go mbeidh an téacs intuigthe ag gach léitheoir go seasta agus go héasca. Ina measc áirítear: go mbíonn teachtaireacht á hiompar ag an bhfocal clóite go léitear ó chlé go deas go léitear ó bharr an leathanaigh go dtí a bhun scuab fillte spásáil, ceannlitriú, gramadach agus poncaíocht chuí I measc na ngnásanna digiteacha áirítear: scrollú svaidhpeáil ó chlé go deas go léitear ó bharr an scáileáin go dtí a bhun.
Grapheme-phoneme correspondences	Grapheme-phoneme correspondences are the relationships between written symbols and the sounds which they represent. Examples of grapheme-phoneme correspondences include to: recognise, name and sound all letters, lower and upper case recognise that letters can work alone or in a group recognise that the same sound can be represented by different letters identify similar sounds represented by different letter combinations recognise different letter combinations and different sounds they represent recognise less common sound symbol relationships.
Graphic organiser	Graphic organisers are visual representations of knowledge, concepts or ideas.
High frequency words	High frequency words are words that appear frequently in texts e.g. the, is, are, to, said, come etc.
Homagraf	Is é atá i homagraif focail a bhfuil an litriú céanna acu ach a bhfuil níos mó ná ciall amháin leo agus/nó fuaimniú difriúil m.sh. fonn, céad, cion.
Homograph	Homographs are words of the same spelling but with more than one meaning, and/or a different pronunciation e.g. bow, record.
Homonyms	Homonyms are words that are pronounced but have different meanings e.g. to, too and two, heir and air, soot and suit.
Identify	recognise patterns, facts, or details; provide an answer from a number of possibilities; recognise and state briefly a distinguishing fact or feature
Identify	recognise patterns, facts, or details; provide an answer from a number of possibilities; recognise and state briefly a distinguishing fact or feature
Illustrate	use examples to describe something
Independent reading level	Independent-level text is a term for a text which a child can read fluently and comprehend without help of any kind from the teacher. A child should be able to identify 95-100% of the words and comprehend 90-100% of the text.
Iniúch	breathnú, staidéar, nó mionscrúdú córasach a dhéanamh, chun fíricí a chinntiú agus teacht ar chonclúidí úra
Iniúchadh	breathnú, staidéar a dhéanamh, nó mionscrúdú córasach a dhéanamh, d’fhonn fíricí a aimsiú agus teacht ar chonclúidí úra
Instructional reading level	Instructional-level text is a term for a text that is appropriately challengingfor a child. Instructional-level texts are appropriate for use in guided reading. With normal classroom instruction and appropriate support a child should be able to identify 90-95% of the words and comprehend 75-90% of the material in the text.
Integrated skills	Although this language specification presents Oral Language, Reading, and Writing as separate strands, the student encounters language as an 'integrated' experience where oral language, reading and writing take the form of a continuous and overlapping thread.
Interpret	use knowledge and understanding to recognise trends and draw conclusions from given information
Interpret	use knowledge and understanding to recognise trends and draw conclusions from given information
Invented spelling	Invented or approximate spelling is a term used when a child uses his/her own combination of letters to make words when creating texts.
Investigate	observe, study, or make a detailed and systematic examination, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
Investigate	observe, study, or make a detailed and systematic examination, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
Joint attention	Joint attention is a situation where the individuals involved in a communicative act both focus on the same object. It is more than just looking at an object; the individuals understand that they are attending to the same thing—intentionality.
Justify	give valid reasons or evidence to support an answer or conclusion
Justify	give valid reasons or evidence to support an answer or conclusion
Language of discourse	Discourse requires that children produce several utterances to build particular linguistic structures such as narratives, factual accounts, arguments, explanations or combinations of these. This requires that children go beyond the basic sentence and combine sentences to build accounts which are coherent in terms of organisation of meaning and content, and cohesive in terms of continuity between sentences. The language of discourse requires that children have the sophisticated and genre-specific vocabulary and the grammatical knowledge to formulate sentences for the particular topic under discussion.
Learning outcomes	Statements in curriculum specifications to describe the knowledge, understanding, skills and values that students should be able to demonstrate after a period of learning.
Leibhéal léitheoireachta neamhspleách	Téarma is ea é don chineál téacs a d’fhéadfadh páiste a léamh go líofa agus ciall a bhaint as gan aon chabhair ón múinteoir. Ba cheart go mbeadh páiste in ann idir 95-100% de na focail a aithint, agus idir 90-100% den téacs a thuiscint.
Leibhéal léitheoireachta teagaisc	Seo téarma ar théacs ag leibhéal cuí dúshláin, ach nach bhfuil thar chumas an pháiste.Tá téacsanna ag leibhéal teagaisc oiriúnach le húsáid i léitheoireacht threoraithe. Ba cheart go mbeadh páiste in ann idir 90-95% de na focail a aithint, agus idir 75-90% den téacs a thuiscint, le gnáth-threoracha agus tacaíocht ranga.
Leideanna comhréire	Is éard atá i gceist le leideanna comhréire noda maidir le brí focal a fhéadtar a bhaint de thátal as ord focal, as struchtúr abairtí agus as an ngaol idir focail.
Leideanna séimeantacha	Is éard atá i gceist le leideanna séimeantacha noda maidir le brí focal a fhéadtar a bhaint de thátal as noda sa phictiúr, sa téacs agus/nó eolas a bhí ag an bpáiste roimh ré.
Léirigh	samplaí a úsáid le cur síos ar rud éigin
Léiriú	samplaí a úsáid le cur síos ar rud éigin
Léirmhínigh	eolas agus tuiscint a úsáid chun treochtaí a aithint agus teacht ar chonclúidí ó fhaisnéis a thugtar
Léirmhíniú	eolas agus tuiscint a úsáid chun treochtaí a aithint agus teacht ar chonclúidí ó fhaisnéis a thugtar
Léirthuiscint a bheith ag... do...	brí a aithint, tuiscint phraiticiúil a bheith aige do rud
Líofacht léitheoireachta ó bhéal	Is é atá i gceist le líofacht léitheoireachta ó bhéal an cumas a bhíonn ag léitheoirí léamh ó bhéal le luas, cruinneas agus gnéithe oiriúnacha prósóide amhail mothúchán, béim, tuinairde agus cur i bhfocail oiriúnach.
Litriú cumtha	Is téarma é litriú cumtha nó neaslitriú a úsáidtear nuair a úsáideann páistí a gcumasc féin litreacha chun focail a dhéanamh agus iad ag ceapadh téacsanna.
Luacháil (breithiúnas eiticiúil)	sonraí a bhailiú agus a scrúdú chun breithiúnais agus breithmheas a dhéanamh; cur síos ar an gcaoi a dtacaíonn nó nach dtacaíonn fianaise le conclúid i bhfiosrúchán nó in imscrúdú; lochtanna sonraí i dtátail a aithint; breithiúnais a dhéanamh faoi smaointe, réitigh nó modhanna
Lucht léitheoireachta, féachana agus éisteachta	Is é an lucht léitheoireachta, féachana agus éisteachta an pobal léitheoirí, éisteoirí, amharcóirí a bhfuil an scríbhneoir, an dearthóir, an cainteoir ag díriú orthu.
Machnaigh	rud a mheas chun ceartúchán nó feabhsúchán a dhéanamh
Managing my resources	The learning outcomes in this element focus on developing students’ awareness, knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of personal finance, enterprise and economics
Meas	cur síos ar phatrúin i sonraí; eolas agus tuiscint a úsáid chun patrúin a léirmhíniú; tuartha a dhéanamh agus iontaofacht a sheiceáil
Meas (cuimhnigh ar...)	cur síos ar phatrúin i sonraí; eolas agus tuiscint a úsáid chun patrúin a léirmhíniú; tuartha a dhéanamh agus iontaofacht a sheiceáil
Meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar (sonraí)	sonraí a bhailiú agus a scrúdú chun breithiúnais agus breithmheas a dhéanamh; cur síos ar an gcaoi a dtacaíonn nó nach dtacaíonn fianaise le conclúid i bhfiosrúchán nó in imscrúdú; lochtanna sonraí i dtátail a aithint; breithiúnais a dhéanamh faoi smaointe, réitigh nó modhanna
Measúnaigh (breithiúnas eiticiúil)	fianaise a bhailiú agus a scrúdú chun breithiúnais agus breithmheas a dhéanamh; cur síos ar an gcaoi a dtacaíonn nó nach dtacaíonn fianaise le conclúid i bhfiosrúchán nó in imscrúdú; srianta fianaise i gconclúidí a aithint; breithiúnais a dhéanamh faoi smaointe, faoi réitigh nó faoi mhodhanna3
Measúnaigh (sonraí)	sonraí a bhailiú agus a scrúdú chun breithiúnais agus breithmheas a dhéanamh; cur síos a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a dtacaíonn nó nach dtacaíonn fianaise le conclúid i bhfiosrúchán nó in iniúchadh; srianta sonraí i gconclúidí a shainaithint; breithiúnais a dhéanamh faoi smaointe, faoi réitigh nó faoi mhodhanna
Measure	quantify changes in systems by reading a measuring tool
Metalinguistic awareness	Metalinguistic awareness refers to the ability to think about and reflect on language and how it is used both as a process and as an artifact and to understand that we can change language in different ways. As children’s metalinguistic awareness develops, they increasingly understand, for example that language may have both a literal meaning and an implied meaning.
Mínigh	mionchuntas a thabhairt lena n‑áirítear fáthanna nó cúiseanna
Míniú	mionchuntas a thabhairt lena n-áirítear fáthanna nó cúiseanna
Model	generate a mathematical representation (e.g., number, graph, equation, geometric figure); diagrams; physical replicas for real world or mathematical objects; properties; actions or relationships
Moirféim	An t-aonad céille nó gramadaí is lú i dteanga ar bith. Ní gá gur focal í gach moirféim. Moirféim amháin atá san fhocal ‘mála’, mar shampla, ach dhá mhoirféim atá san fhocal ‘málaí’: ‘mála’ is ea moirféim amháin agus moirféim eile a chuireann an uimhir iolra in iúl is ea ‘í’. Ach eolas ar mhoirféimí a bheith ag daltaí bíonn slí acu le focail a léamh agus a litriú.
Monitor	observe and check the progress of something over a period of time; keep under systematic review
Morpheme	Morpheme is the smallest meaningful or grammatical unit in language. Morphemes are not necessarily the same as words. The word ‘cat’ has one morpheme, while the word ‘cats’ has two morphemes: ‘cat’ for the animal and ‘s’ to indicate that there is more than one. Morphemes are very useful in helping students work out how to read and spell words.
Multimodal texts	Multimodal texts combine language with other systems for communication, such as print text, visual images, soundtrack and the spoken word.
Narrative text	Narrative texts are a type of oral or written discourse where the purpose is to tell a story or narrate an event or a sequence of events. Narrative text can be categorised as fiction or non-fiction.
Nascaigh	Nascaigh is ea focail a nascann ailt agus abairtí le chéile go loighciúil, bunaithe ar ghaol ama, cúis agus éifeacht, comparáid nó rud a chur leis. Nascann nascaigh smaointe le chéile agus taispeánann siad loighic an eolais. Acmhainní tábhachtacha is ea nascaigh chun téacsanna a chomhtháthú. Is féidir gaolta loighciúla a ghrúpáil mar seo a leanas: am – chun am a léiriú nó smaointe a chur in ord (m.sh. an chéad, an dara, an chéad cheann eile) cúis – chun cúis agus éifeacht a thaispeáint (m.sh. toisc, le haghaidh, mar sin) eolas a chur leis – (m.sh. chomh maith leis sin, freisin, rud eile de, ina theannta sin) comparáideach – (m.sh. de rogha air sin, mar mhalairt air sin) coinníollach / faomhach – chun coinníoll a leagan síos nó rud a ghéilleadh (m.sh. mar sin féin, cé) ag soiléiriú – (m.sh. déanta na fírinne, mar shampla)
Open questions	Open questions are higher-order questions that require the respondent to think and reflect. These questions cannot be answered by a yes or a no. They require a more developed answer which takes account of the respondent’s own knowledge and/or feelings.
Oral reading fluency	Reading fluency is the ability of readers to read orally with speed, accuracy and appropriate prosodic features such as expression, stress, pitch and suitable phrasing.
Organisation	An organised group of people with a particular purpose, such as a company or a government department. It can be a for-profit or a non-profit organisation and can include everything from a small owner-operated company such as a family restaurant, to a multinational company
Organise	to arrange; to systematise or methodise
Our economy	This strand enables students to understand the dynamic relationship between the local, national and international economic situation. It develops students’ ability to identify and understand basic economic concepts as they relate to personal finance, enterprise and the Irish economy
Outline	to make a summary of the significant features of a subject
Paralinguistic skills	Paralinguistic skills include: audibility intonation pitch pause emphasis pace.
Personal Finance	This strand focuses on students developing a set of skills, knowledge and values that allows them to make informed decisions to effectively and responsibly manage their financial resources.
Personal finance	This strand focuses on students developing a set of skills, knowledge and values that allows them to make informed decisions to effectively and responsibly manage their financial resources.
Personal word banks	Personal word banks are collections of words that a writer uses or needs that are related to personal interests and/or commonly misspelled. The words included in the personal word bank are not displayed in the classroom or easily located.
Phoneme	A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a word. The word it has two phonemes /i/ and /t/. The word ship has three phonemes /sh/, /i/, /p/.
Phonemic awareness	Phonemic awareness is the insight that every spoken word comprises a sequence of phonemes. Because phonemes are the units of sound that are represented by the letters of an alphabet, an awareness of phonemes is key to understanding the logic of the alphabetic principle and thus to the learnability of phonics and spelling.
Phonological awareness	Phonological awareness refers to an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of words. It includes understandings about words, rhyme, syllables, onset and rime, and phonemes.
Plan	to devise or project a method or a course of action
Plé	athbhreithniú tomhaiste cothrom a thabhairt a chuimsíonn réimse argóintí, tosca, nó hipitéisí: ba chóir tuairimí nó tátail a léiriú go follasach agus tacú leo le fianaise chuí
Pleanáil	modh a cheapadh nó cur chuige a cheapadh nó a bheartú
Pleanáil	modh nó cur chuige a cheapadh nó a bheartú
Pléigh	athbhreithniú tomhaiste cothrom a thabhairt a chuimsíonn réimse argóintí, tosca, nó hipitéisí: ba chóir tuairimí nó conclúidí a chur i láthair go soiléir agus tacú leo le fianaise chuí
Predict	give an expected result of an event; explain a new event based on observations or information using logical connections between pieces of information
Prepare	make something ready for use or presentation
Present	promote or propose an idea; deliver or illustrate evidence; show something for others to examine
Prionsabal aibítre	Aithníonn an prionsabal aibítre go n-úsáidtear litreacha agus teaglamaí (cnuasaigh) litreacha chun fuaimeanna teanga a chur in iúl atá bunaithe ar an ngaol idir litreacha scríofa, siombailí agus focail labhartha.
Produce	to bring into existence by intellectual or creative ability
Próiseas scríbhneoireachta	Sa phróiseas scríbhneoireachta teagascann an múinteoir go soiléir conas bheith ag obair agus ag foghlaim go gníomhach mar scríbhneoirí. I measc na gcéimeanna sa phróiseas scríbhneoireachta áirítear: pleanáil le haghaidh scríbhneoireachta trí thopaicí agus smaointe a roghnú leis an méid is lú cúnaimh téacs a chumadh ag úsáid struchtúr eagraíochtúil cuí téacs téacs a scríobhadh a athléamh chun seiceáil go bhfuil ciall leis agus go gcomhlíonann sé a chuspóir an téacs a chur in eagar agus a leasú trí athscríobh chun sonraí a chur leis nó a bhaint uaidh d’fhonn an chiall atá leis a shoiléiriú obair a chur in eagar níos mó arís mar fhreagairt ar aiseolas ó dhaoine eile.
Propose	put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration
Rangaigh	rudaí a chur i ngrúpaí bunaithe ar thréithe comónta
Rangú	rudaí a ghrúpáil de réir tréithe comónta
Recognise	identify facts, characteristics or concepts that are critical (relevant/appropriate) to the understanding of a situation, event, process or phenomenon
Recognise	identify facts, characteristics or concepts that are critical (relevant/appropriate) to the understanding of a situation, event, process or phenomenon
Recommend	put forward something with approval as being suitable for a particular purpose
Reflect	to consider in order to correct or improve
Relate	associate, giving reasons
Research	to inquire specifically, using involved and critical investigation
Review	approval or dissent; to analyse results for the purpose of giving an opinion
Ríomh	teacht ar fhreagra uimhriúil, ag taispeáint na gcéimeanna cuí san oibriú amach
Ríomh	teacht ar fhreagra uimhriúil, ag taispeáint na gcéimeanna cuí san oibriú amach
Root words	A root word is a form of a word after all affixes and grammatical inflections have been removed e.g. door, run, sad, build, hair. Many other words can be created using root words: inflected words: root + grammatical inflection e.g. doors, running derived words: root + affix e.g. sadness, builder compound words e.g. hairdresser.
Sainaithin	patrúin, fíricí nó sonraí a aithint; freagra a sholáthar ó roinnt féidearthachtaí; fíoras nó gné shainiúil a aithint agus a lua go hachomair
Sainiú	patrúin, fíricí nó sonraí a aithint; freagra a sholáthar ó roinnt féidearthachtaí; fíoras nó gné shainiúil a aithint agus a lua go hachomair
Samhaltaigh	léiriú matamaiticiúil a ghiniúint (m.sh. uimhir, graf, cothromóid, fíor gheoiméadrach); léaráidí; macasamhlacha fisiceacha do réada an fhíorshaoil nó do réada matamaiticiúla; airíonna; gníomhartha nó coibhneasa
Samhaltú	léiriú matamaiticiúil a ghiniúint (m. s. uimhir, graf, cothromóid, fíor gheoiméadrach); léaráidí; macasamhlacha fisiceacha do réada an fhíorshaoil nó do réada matamaiticiúla; airíonna; gníomhartha nó coibhneasa
Scileanna paraitheangeolaíocha	I measc na scileanna paraitheangeolaíocha, áirítear: inchloisteacht tuiníocht tuinairde sos béim luas.
Scileanna seachtheangeolaíocha	Áirítear i measc na scileanna seachtheangeolaíoch: teagmháil oiriúnach súl a dhéanamh comharthaíocht choirp geáitsí agus gothaí gnúise agus comharthaíocht a úsáid mar is cuí.
Scrúdaigh	argóint nó coincheap a mheas ar bhealach a nochtann toimhdí agus coibhneasa na saincheiste
Scrúdú	argóint nó coincheap a bhreathnú ar shlí a nochtann toimhdí agus coibhneasa na saincheiste
Seánra	Cineál struchtúr d’abairtí ó bhéal nó d’abairtí scríofa iad seánraí a bhfuil gnásanna ag baint leo ar mhaithe le cuspóirí ar leith agus a bhfuil leagan amach áirithe orthu, mar aon le gnéithe teanga a bhaineann le sainréim teanga, m.sh. insint, faisnéiseach, argóint, leata agus ilseánra. Lena chur ar bhealach simplí, tagraíonn seánra do rogha foirmeacha scríbhneoireachta d’fhonn rudaí a athinsint, míniú a thabhairt, siamsaíocht a chur ar fáil, daoine a chur ar an eolas, orduithe a thabhairt, insint a dhéanamh, rudaí a chur ina luí ar dhaoine agus údar a thabhairt le tuairimí.
Segment	To split up a word into its individual phonemes in order to spell it, e.g. the word cat has three phonemes: /c/, /a/, /t/ and the word grew has three phonemes: /g/, /r/, /ew/.
Séimeantaic	Baineann séimeantaic le brí; cuirtear brí in iúl leis na gaolta idir focail.
Semantics and semantic cues	Semantics is concerned with meaning; meaning is expressed by the relations between words. Semantic cues are clues to word meaning that can be gleaned using the clues in the picture, the text and/or prior knowledge.
Sense of voice	Sense of voice refers to the development of the child’s own voice and self-expression (agency).
Slabhra (Cnuasach)	Tagraíonn slabhra nó cnuasach do dhá litir nó níos mó a dhéanann dhá (nó trí) fhuaim, mar shampla tá na chéad trí litir in ‘strus’ ina slabhra consan.
Social functions	The social functions of language are those where language is used for the purpose of everyday social interaction such as greeting, expressing appreciation, expressing sympathy and concern, saying sorry and welcoming visitors with confidence.
Sound	The term ‘sound’ relates to the sound we make when we utter a letter or word, not to the letter in print. A letter may have more than one sound, such as the letter ‘a’ in was, a sound can be represented by more than one letter such as the sound /k/ in cat and walk. The word ship had three sounds /sh/, /i/, /p/, but has four letters ‘s’, ‘h’, ‘i’, ‘p’. Teachers should use the terms ‘sound’ and ‘letter’ accurately to help students clearly distinguish between the two items.
Spelling strategies	Phonetic and conventional spelling strategies can be used for unfamiliar words when creating texts. These strategies include: using knowledge of grapheme-phoneme correspondences using syllabication using visual memory using common spelling strings and patterns
Stóir phearsanta focal	Is éard atá i gceist le stóir phearsanta focal bailiúcháin de na focail a úsáideann scríbhneoir nó a theastaíonn uaidh atá bainteach lena chuid suimeanna pearsanta agus/nó a dhéanann sé a litriú go mícheart go rialta. Cuimsíonn an stór pearsanta focal, focail nach mbíonn ar taispeáint sa seomra ranga agus nach mbíonn sé éasca teacht orthu.
Straitéisí aitheanta focal	Cuireann straitéisí aitheanta focal ar chumas páistí focail anaithnide a léamh agus dul i dtaithí ar fhocail dá leithéid a léamh gan stró de réir a chéile. I measc na straitéisí seo, tá: gnéithe amhairc nó grafacha focail a úsáid comhfhreagairtí idir graiféimí agus fóinéimí a úsáid eolas ar sheichimh litreacha, ar phatrúin litrithe agus ar an mbaint idir focail.
Straitéisí foclóra	Cabhraíonn straitéisí foclóra chun brí focal agus frásaí neamhaithnide a oibriú amach nó a shoiléiriú, ina measc: leideanna comhthéacs a úsáid eolas ar fhréamhfhocail agus táthmhíreanna a úsáid eolas ar fhrithchiallaigh, comhchiallaigh, comhainmneacha, agus homagraif a úsáid breathnú ar fhoclóirí agus ar fhoinsí tagartha eile mar is cuí.
Straitéisí litrithe	Is féidir feidhm a bhaint as straitéisí litrithe foghraíochta agus as gnáthstraitéisí litrithe le haghaidh focail éagoiteanna agus téacsanna á gcruthú. Áirítear ar na straitéisí sin: feidhm a bhaint as eolas ar chomhfhreagairtí idir graiféimí agus fóinéimí feidhm a bhaint as siollú feidhm a bhaint as amharc-chuimhne feidhm a bhaint as slabhraí agus patrúin litrithe choitianta.
Straitéisí tuisceana	Straitéisí agus próisis a úsáideann léitheoirí chun ciall a bhaint as téacs iad straitéisí tuisceana. Ar na príomhstraitéisí tuisceana áirítear: eolas roimh ré a thabhairt chun cuimhne agus a úsáid rudaí a thuar rudaí a shamhlú ceangal a dhéanamh ceisteanna a chur soiléiriú a dhéanamh tosaíocht a thabhairt do rudaí áirithe thar rudaí eile tátal a bhaint as rud míreanna eolais a chur le chéile chun mír eile a dhéanamh.
Strand	The strand is the primary division of content in the curriculum specification.
Struchtúr eagraíochtúil téacs	Struchtúr an téacs a thugtar ar an tslí ina n-eagraítear eolas i gcineálacha éagsúla téacs, mar shampla teidil caibidlí, fotheidil, clár na n-ábhar, innéacsanna agus gluaiseanna, foramhairc, ailt tosaigh agus ailt deiridh, seicheamhú, abairtí topaice, tacsanomaíochtaí, cúis agus éifeacht. Is iad na roghanna a dhéantar i dtaca le struchtúr téacs agus gnéithe teanga a chinneann cineál an téacs agus an bhrí atá leis.
Suggest	propose a solution, hypothesis or other possible answer
Sustainability	A process of balancing the social, economic, and environmental systems that are in constant interaction for the well-being of individuals now and in the future. There are three core pillars of sustainability: the social, the environmental, and the economic (people, planet, and profit)
Sustainable development	Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a continuous, guided process of economic, environmental and social change aimed at promoting the well-being of citizens now and in the future
Synonyms	A synonym is a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word e.g. happy, joyful, elated.
Syntactic cues	Syntactic cues are clues to word meaning that can be gleaned from knowledge of word order, sentence structure and word relationships.
Syntax	Syntax refers to the organisational rules specifying word order, sentence organisation and word relationships. Syntax specifies which word combinations are acceptable or grammatical, and which are not. The form or structure of a sentence is governed by the rules of syntax. These rules specify word, phrase, and clause order; sentence organisation; and the relationships between words, word classes, and other sentence elements.
Tabhair breac‑chuntas	achoimre a dhéanamh ar ghnéithe suntasacha ábhair
Taighde a dhéanamh	sainfhiosrú a dhéanamh, ag úsáid imscrúdú casta agus criticiúil
Táirg	rud a thabhairt ar an saol trí chumas intleachtach nó cruthaitheach
Taispeáin	rud a chruthú nó a dhéanamh soiléir trí réasúnaíocht nó le fianaise, rud a léiriú le samplaí nó le cur i bhfeidhm praiticiúil
Taispeáint	a chruthú nó a dhéanamh soiléir trí réasúnaíocht nó trí fhianaise, a léiriú le samplaí nó le cur i bhfeidhm praiticiúil
Táthmhíreanna	Moirféimí is ea táthmhíreanna a cheanglaítear de fhréamhfhocal chun focal nua a dhéanamh m.sh. tóg+álaí, mí+shona nó chun foirm eile d’fhocal a dhéanamh m.sh. múinteoir+í, rith+ dh.
Téacs / Téacsanna	Is féidir téacsanna a thabhairt ar gach toradh ar úsáid teanga—ó bhéal, geáitsíocht, comharthaí, scríofa, físiúil, úsáid a bhaint as Córas Cumarsáide Malartaithe Pictiúr, nithe tagartha, Braille, tadhlach, leictreonach, digiteach, agus/nó ilmhódach. I dtéacsanna ilmhódacha bíonn meascán de chineálacha éagsúla cumarsáide, m.sh. téacs clóite, téacs digiteach, íomhánna amhairc, fuaim (m.sh. taibhiú nó imeacht) agus an focal labhartha.
Téacs insinte	Cineál dioscúrsa ó bhéal nó i scríbhinn is ea téacsanna insinte a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu scéal a insint nó imeacht nó sraith imeachtaí a reic. Féadtar téacsanna insinte a rangú mar fhicsean nó mar neamhfhicsean.
Téacs léiritheach	Cineál dioscúrsa ó bhéal nó i scríbhinn is ea téacs léiritheach a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige rud éigin a mhíniú, eolas a thabhairt faoi rud éigin nó cur síos a dhéanamh ar rud éigin.
Téamaí	I measc na dtéamaí don Ghaeilge tá: mé féin, sa bhaile, an scoil, bia, an teilifís, siopadóireacht, caitheamh aimsire, éadaí, an aimsir agus ócáidí speisialta. Is féidir leis an múinteoir go leor topaicí a roghnú as na téamaí. D’fhéadfaí na topaicí seo a leathnú chun ábhar atá spéisiúil don pháiste a chur san áireamh freisin.
Teanga dioscúrsa	I ndioscúrsa teastaíonn méid áirithe ráite ón bpáiste chun struchtúir theangeolaíocha a chruthú, struchtúir ar nós insintí, cuntais fhíriciúla, argóintí, mínithe nó dhá cheann nó níos mó díobh sin in éineacht. Chuige sin caithfidh an páiste dul níos faide ná an abairt bhunúsach agus abairtí a chur le chéile chun cuntas a thabhairt, cuntas a bheidh sothuigthe ó thaobh eagar na céille agus comhtháite ó thaobh an leanúnachais idir abairtí. Chun dul i mbun dioscúrsa, teastaíonn foclóir a bhaineann le réimse ar leith agus atá inniúil ar an ábhar mar aon leis an eolas gramadaí is gá chun abairtí a chumadh mar gheall ar an ábhar i dtrácht.
Teanga gan chomhthéacs	Tugtar sainmhíniú ar an teanga gan chomhthéacs mar theanga atá saor ó chomhthéacs. Níl sí bunaithe in aon chomhthéacs láithreach ama ná cúinse, agus níl sí spleách ar aon bhreathnú ná ar aon eispéireas siceach, láithreach. Tá úsáid na teanga gan chomhthéacs ríthábhachtach d’fhoghlaim páistí ar leibhéil éagsúla. Baintear úsáid aisti chun faisnéis nua a chruthú agus a chur in iúl do dhaoine eile nach bhfuil an fhaisnéis chúlra chéanna acu leis an gcainteoir. Tá na téarmaí ‘teanga gan chomhthéacs’ agus ‘stíl teanga liteartha’ cosúil lena chéile toisc go dtagraíonn siad araon do theanga atá eagraithe, follasach agus scoite amach.
Téarmaíocht na leabhar	Is é atá i dtéarmaíocht na leabhar an foclóir a bhaineann le leabhair, m.sh. údar, blurba, maisitheoir, clár na n-ábhar, gluais, caibidil, foilsitheoir, srl.
Text organisation	Text organisation is the way information is organised in different types of texts for example, chapter headings, sub headings, table of contents, indexes and glossaries, overviews, introductory and concluding paragraphs, sequencing, topic sentences, taxonomies, cause and effect. Choices in text structures and language features together define a text type and shape its meaning.
Text organisational structure	Text structure is the way that information is organised in different types of texts for example, chapter headings, sub-headings, table of contents, indexes and glossaries, overviews, introductory and concluding paragraphs, sequencing, topic sentences, taxonomies, cause and effect. Choices in text structures and language features together define a text type and shape its meaning. .
Texts	All products of language use—oral, gesture, sign, written, visual, using Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), objects of reference, Braille, tactile, electronic, digital and/or multimodal—can be described as texts. Multimodal texts include the combination of a variety of forms of communication such as print text, digital text, visual images, audio (e.g., a performance or event) and spoken word. In this definition, 'multimodal' is not synonymous with 'digital'.
Themes	Among the themes for Irish are; myself, at home, school, food, television, shopping, pastimes, clothes, the weather and special occasions. The teacher can select lots of topics from the themes. These topics could be extended to also include subjects that the child finds interesting.
Tomhais	athruithe i gcórais a chainníochtú (a mheas) trí uirlis tomhais a léamh
Tomhas	athruithe i gcórais a chainníochtú (a mheas) trí uirlis tomhais a léamh
Tuiscint	ciall ruda a aithint; tuiscint phraiticiúil a bheith agat ar rud
Unconstrained skills	The range of language skills that we develop over a lifetime.
Understand	have and apply a well-organised body of knowledge
Úsáid	eolas nó rialacha a chur i bhfeidhm chun teoiric a chur i ngníomh
Úsáid	eolas nó rialacha a chur i bhfeidhm chun teoiric a chur i ngníomh
Use	apply knowledge or rules to put theory into practice
Use	apply knowledge or rules to put theory into practice
Using skills for business	This element broadens students’ understanding by enabling them to proactively apply their knowledge and skills to their own lives and in the dynamic business environment
Verify	give evidence to support the truth of a statement
Verify	give evidence to support the truth of a statement
Vocabulary development	Children’s oral vocabulary and reading vocabulary develop in terms of increasing complexity from concrete to abstract, with regard to the frequency of word use, the complexity of meaning, the depth of word knowledge and the changes that occur through the processes of word formation
Vocabulary strategies	Vocabulary strategies assist to determine or clarify the meaning of unknown words and phrases, including: using context clues using knowledge of root words and affixes using knowledge of antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, and homographs consulting dictionaries and other references as appropriate.
Word identification strategies	Word identification strategies allow children to read unknown words with increasing automaticity. These strategies include: use of the visual or graphic features of a word use of grapheme-phoneme correspondences use of knowledge of letter sequences, spelling patterns and associations between words.
Writing process	The writing process involves the teacher explicitly teaching children how to work and learn actively as writers. Steps in the writing process include: plan for writing by selecting topics and ideas with minimal help compose text using appropriate text organisational structure re-read text written to check it makes sense and meets its purpose edit and modify the text by rewriting to add or delete details to clarify meaning edit written work further in response to feedback from others.

Curriculum Areas

Junior Cycle Subjects

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Level 1 Learning Programmes (L1LPs)

Level 2 Learning Programmes

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SPHE

LCA

Glossary of Action Verbs

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